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Table 3 Test results for differences in the means obtained between the landscape type determined for the laser metrics (z value and intensity) respective to the four laser echo types (“all,” “first of many,” “last of many,” and “only”) and collected by the predefined height classes (<0.3, 0.3–5, and >5 m)

From: Using airborne laser scanning data for detecting canopy gaps and their understory type in mature boreal forest

 

<0.3 m

 

0.3–5 m

 

>5 m

 
 

Natural

Managed

 

Natural

Managed

 

Natural

Managed

 

z value

All

0.088

0.084

*

1.645

2.129

*

7.913

7.168

*

First

a

a

 

3.852

3.924

*

8.437

7.300

*

Last

0.093

0.093

0.998

0.857

*

a

a

 

Only

0.086

0.081

*

1.440

1.623

*

6.431

6.701

*

Intensity

All

73.132

74.621

*

62.975

53.818

*

35.380

32.581

*

First

a

a

 

35.352

30.614

*

28.514

26.608

*

Last

38.179

40.031

*

35.008

35.672

a

a

 

Only

87.375

88.248

*

77.145

72.134

*

59.785

57.052

*

  1. *p < 0.001, the level of significance for the t test
  2. aNo results calculated due to the low number of observations